XAFS1

Overview of the XAFS1 beamline.

OVERVIEW

The XAFS1 beamline is an experimental station dedicated to X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy in the hard x-rays energy range (4 to 23 keV). This beamline is used in the study of the atomic-level structure as well as in the electronic and magnetic properties of matter, finding applications in a wide range of scientific fields, such as materials science and solid state physics, chemistry, earth sciences and biology. Available techniques include high-edge resolution (XANES) and fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS).

The XAFS1 is a 1.67T bending magnet beamline open to users since July 1997. At the second semester of 2016, this beamline was closed for external users and is conditionally available through Fast Track operation and since then XAS spectra can be collected only in transmission mode.

For usual transmission-mode experiments, three chambers are used. The first one is coupled to the beamline, the second is used for detecting the signal after the sample, and the third is used for measuring a reference sample or doubling the data set. Some sample environments as cryostats, and inert gas chambers are available to users at the XAFS1 beamline.

The experimental station is equipped with a granite table, supporting a 1.60 m long rail aligned to the beam direction on which are mounted an XY remote-controlled sample holder, the detectors, and experimental facilities. The granite table can withstand a maximum weight of 300 kg, and track the vertical position of the beam with an accuracy of 1 mm over a 120 mm stroke. In order to keep the beam spot at the same position on the sample, this track is performed automatically during an energy scan, in fact, the changes in beam offset are important only for rather low energies for most applications, i.e. above 8 keV, the tracking is blocked.

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

The following experimental techniques and setups are available to users in this beamline. To learn more about the techniques’ limitations and requirements (sample, environment, etc.) contact the beamline coordinator before submitting your proposal.

Transmission XANES and EXAFS

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a widely used technique for determining the local geometric and/or electronic structure of matter and long range structural changes.

Today, the standard beamline setup allows experiments only in transmission mode. For transmission experiments, three ionization chambers are filled with optimal He, N₂ and/or Ar gas mixtures at a total pressure of 1.5 bars. The signals of the ionization chambers are amplified by Stanford picoammeters and digitalized by a voltage to frequency converter before being read by the counters at the PXI-NI.

Recent publications using this setup:

J. C. Sczancoski, W. Avansi, M. G. S. Costa, M. Siu Li, V. R. Mastelaro, R. S. Santos, E. Longo, L. S. Cavalcante. Journal of Materials Science, 50(24) (2015) 8089-8103.
Jocenir Boita, Fabiano Bernardi, Marcus Vinícius Castegnaro, Lucas Nicolao, Maria C. M. Alves, and Jonder Morais. J. Phys. Chem. C, 118 (2014) 5538−5544.

LAYOUT & OPTICAL ELEMENTS

Element	Type	Position [m]	Description
Source	Bending Magnet	-	Bending Magnetic D04 exit B (15°), 1.67T,
Pre-mono Slits	Two UHV slit systems - vertically and horizontally - based on four independent mechanical feedthroughs, each one supporting at its ends a Ta blade mounted on a copper block.	6.5	Two water-cooled slits system. Vertically sets the resolution of the beam profile at sample holder.
Mono	Channel-cut Crystal	7.7	water-cooled Si(111) and Si(220)
Post-mono Slits	Two UHV slit systems - vertically and horizontally - based on four independent mechanical feedthroughs, each one supporting at its ends a Ta blade mounted on a copper block.	9.2	Without refrigeration, these slits are used to eliminate the spurious background radiation.

PARAMETERS

Parameter	Value	Condition
Energy range [keV]	4-23	Si(111), Si (220)
Energy resolution [$ \Delta$E/E]	$ 1.31 \times 10^{-4}$	Si (111)
Energy resolution [$ \Delta$E/E]	$ 5.37 \times 10^{-5}$	Si (220)
Beam size at sample [$ \mu \rm m^{2}$, FWHM]	$ \approx$1000 x 1000	at 10 keV
Beam divergence at sample [$ \rm mrad^{2}$, FWHM]	1 x 0.1	at 10 keV
Flux density at sample [ph/s/$ \rm mm^{2}$]	$ 10^{9}$	at 7 keV, Si (111)
Flux density at sample [ph/s/$ \rm mm^{2}$]	$ 10^{8}$	at 7 keV, Si (220)
Harmonic content	<1%	For E>5 keV

INSTRUMENTATION

Instrument	Type	Model	Specifications	Manufacturer
Detector	Ion chambers	-	Two electrodes in a distance of 14 mm. Length of 137 mm, 221 mm and 381 mm. A 25 $ \mu \rm m$ kapton window with a in/out area of 12 x 30 $ \rm mm^{2}$	LNLS in-house development
Cryostats	Cooling power He closed cycle cryocooler	DE-202 Cryocooler series	(T min = 4 K)	ARSCryo
Inert Gas or Vacuum Chamber	-	-	Helium, Argon, Nitrogen or Vacuum ambient under flow or sealed	LNLS in-house development

CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION

All beamline controls are done through EPICS (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System), running on a PXI from National Instruments and communicates with Galil/Parker controllers. The beamline controls and data acquisition are made by a linux workstation running Spec. For user-friendly interface in Motif Editor and Display Manager (MEDM) is used as a graphical interface to display and control the beamline devices.

DOCUMENTATION

Click here to download the XAFS1 beamline manual (in portuguese).

HOW TO CITE THIS FACILITY

Users are required to acknowledge the use of LNLS facilities in any publications and to inform the Laboratory about any publications, thesis and other published materials. Users must also cooperate by supplying this information upon request.

Support text for acknowledgements:

This research used resources of the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), an open national facility operated by the Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) for the Brazilian Ministry for Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC). The _ _ _ beamline staff is acknowledged for the assistance during the experiments.

Additionally, in publications related to this facility, please cite the following publication.

TOLENTINO, H. C. N.; RAMOS, A. Y.; ALVES, M. C. M.; BARREA, R. A.; TAMURA, E. ; CEZAR, J. C.; WATANABE, N. A 2.3 to 25 KeV XAS beamline at LNLS. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 8: 1040-6 (2001). doi:10.1107/S0909049501005143.

The LNLS XAS beamline has been operating for external users since July 1997. Many facilities and improvements have been progressively added to it, extending the range of applications. Here, a technical description of the main beamline components is given, and results concerning important points, such as available flux at low and high energies, harmonic contamination, energy resolution and stability, are presented. Some key results are given to demonstrate the beamline performance and limitations. It is shown that the beamline can cover a large energy range, starting from the rather low energy of 2.3 keV up to 25 keV.

OTHER REFERENCES

A.Y. RAMOS, H. TOLENTINO, M.C.M. ALVES. Energy Resolution at LNLS-XAS beam line LNLS Technical Memorando Met-01/00 , Campinas, p1-8, 2000. Clique aqui para Download.

We recall here the main parameters determining the energy resolution in an XAS measurement and the experimental characteristics of the LNLS-XAS beam line necessary to a correct evaluation ofthis resolution. The XAS beam line has been designed to be used from 2.5 up to 24 keV. At low energy (<6keV) all terms contributing to resolution are of the same order. Above 6keV the resolution is principally limited by the divergence of the beam for K-edge measurements and by the core level width for L-edge ones.

RAMOS, A.Y., TOLENTINO, H., BARREA, R., ALVES, M.C.M. Harmonic contamination for Si(111) monochromator at the XAS beam line – up to August 1999. LNLS Technical Memorando Met-01/99 , Campinas, p1-4, 1999. Clique aqui para Download.

An experimental measurement of the harmonic contamination for low energy transmission measurements with Si(111) channel-cut monochromator on the XAS beam line is reported. The ratio of flux due to the third order harmonic, measured with air-filled ion chamber is less than 0.1%, for energies above 4300eV and less than 1% for energies above 3900eV. Below 3900eV the harmonic contamination increases strongly and reaches values greater than10% below 3500eV.

TOLENTINO, H., CEZAR, J. C., CRUZ, D. Z., COMPAGNON-CAILHOL, V., TAMURA, E. & MARTINS ALVES, M. C.(1998). J. Synchrotron Rad. 5, 521-523. doi:10.1107/S0909049597015264.

An X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy beamline has been installed and commissioned at a bending-magnet source at LNLS. Three monochromators are available: a channel-cut, a double-crystal and a four-crystal set-up. They have been operated from 2500 up to 15000 eV, with a resolving power better than 5500 in the full range. Photon flux of the order of 10^8 photons s^{-1} up to 10^{10} photons s^{-1} has been attained. The experimental station is equipped with a table that can withstand a weight of 300 kg and track the vertical position of the beam with a 2.5 µm accuracy over a 120 mm stroke. The beamline has been fully characterized and the first results are presented.

PUBLICATIONS

Scientific publications produced with data obtained at the facilities of this beamline, and published in journals indexed by the Web of Science, are listed below.

Attention Users: Given the importance of the previous scientific results to the overall proposal evaluation process, users are strongly advised to check and update their publication record both at the SAU Online website and at the CNPEM library database. For the library, updates can be made by sending the full bibliographic data to the CNPEM library (biblioteca@cnpem.br). Publications are included in the database after being checked by the CNPEM librarians and the beamline coordinators.

XAFS1

Saleta, M. E.; Tobia, D.; Figueroa, S. J. A.; López, C. A.; Granada, M.; Sánchez, R. D.; Malta, M.; Torresi, R. M.. Aging effect on vanadium oxide hybrid nanotubes, Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, v. 31, n. 50, p. 505701, 2019. DOI: 10.1088/1361-648X/ab3ed3

XAFS1

Peña Rodriguez, V. A.; Rojas Ayala, C.; Medina, J. M. ; Paucar Cabrera, P. ; Quispe Marcatoma, J.; Landauro, C. V. ; Rojas Tapia, J. ; Baggio-Saitovich, E.; Passamani, E. C.. Fe50Ni50 synthesized by high energy ball milling: A systematic study using X-ray diffraction, EXAFS and Mossbauer methods, Materials Characterization, v. 149, p. 249-254, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2019.01.036

XAFS1

Mateos, A. C.; Amarillo, A. C.; Carreras, H. A.. Influence of Meteorological Variables andForestFires Eventson Air Quality in an Urban Area (Cordoba, Argentina), Archives of Microbiology, v. 77, n. 2, p. 171-179, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00618-9

XAFS1 XPD

Ferreira, R. A. R.; Ávila Neto, C. N.; Noronha, F. B.; Hori, C. E.. Study of LPG steam reform using Ni/Mg/Al hydrotalcite-type precursors, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 44, n. 45, p. 24471-24484, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.07.193

XAFS1

Canteras, F. B.; Oliveira, B. F. F. ; Moreira, S.. Topsoil pollution in highway medians in the State of SAo Paulo (Brazil): determination of potentially toxic elements using synchrotron radiation total reflection X-ray fluorescence, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 26, n. 20, p. 20839-20852, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05425-2

XAFS1

Rocha, A. K. S. ; Magnago, L. B. ; Pegoretti, W. C. B.; Freitas, M. B. J. G. ; Lelis, M. F. F.; Fabris, J. D.; Porto, A. O.. Copper local structure in spinel ferrites determined by X-ray absorption and Mossbauer spectroscopy and their catalytic performance, Materials Research Bulletin, v. 109, p. 117-123, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.09.017

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